Avro 683 Lancaster
1941
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Avro 683 Lancaster

Most famous of all Avro military aircraft and without doubt the most successful heavy night bomber to be deployed over Europe during World War II. The Avro 683 evolved almost accidentally as a result of recurrent failure of the insufficiently developed Rolls-Royce Vulture engines installed in the twin-engined Avro Manchester.

Owing to delays in the full development of the Vulture engine, the decision was taken in mid-1940 to design a new version of the Manchester with four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. The first conversion made use of about 75 per cent of the Manchester's parts and assemblies, the principal change being the provision of a new centre-section of the wing with mountings for Merlin engines. This aeroplane became the first prototype of the Lancaster. A second prototype fitted with Merlins and significantly modified in detail was designed, built and flown in just eight months. The first production Lancaster I flew just over five months later, its power plant comprising similar 954kW Rolls-Royce Merlin XX in-line liquid-cooled engines, each driving a three-blade constant-speed and fully feathering propeller. Because of the possibility of some interruption in Merlin production, the Lancaster II was built with 1,229.5kW Bristol Hercules VI radial engines. These fears did not materialise, with the result that only 300 Lancaster IIs were built.

First operational RAF squadron to be equipped with Lancasters was No 44, which used them operationally for the first time on 3 March 1942 - laying mines in the Heligoland Bight. Defended by ten machine-guns and carrying a maximum bomb load of 6,350kg, the Lancaster was - and soon proved itself to be - a formidable weapon in the hands of the RAF, which had, by mid-1942, learned a great deal about night bombing operations over Europe. By comparison with contemporary four-engined bombers it was statistically the most effective, dropping 132 tons of bombs for each aircraft lost on operations; the corresponding figure for the Halifax and Stirling were 56 and 41 tons respectively. The Lancaster was so right, from the beginning, that there were very few changes in airframe design during its wartime service.

Improved power plants, however, provided steadily improving performance: the Lancaster VII, for example, with 1,207kW Merlin 24 engines, had a maximum take-off weight of 30,844kg by comparison with the 22,680kg of the early Lancaster I. Bomb load changed considerably, the cavernous bomb bay being designed originally to carry bombs of up to 1800kg, with a total bomb load of 6,350kg; it was modified progressively to carry the 9,980kg Grand Slam bomb.

The Lancaster will be remembered for its part in two spectacular operations: the breaching of the Mohne and Eder dams on the night of 16-17 May 1943 by No 617 Squadron (led by Wing Cdr Guy Gibson); and the sinking of the German battleship Tirpitz. Its contribution to victory in World War II is best measured, however, by the total of 608,612 tons of bombs delivered, which represented two-thirds of the total bomb load dropped by the RAF from the time of its entry into service. A total of 7,366 Lancasters were built (including Mk X in Canada) and the type remained in front-line service with the RAF until 1954. Canada had some photo-reconnaissance Lancasters in service in 1964.

Avro 683 Lancaster


Specification 
 CREW7
 ENGINE4 x RR "Merlin" 24, 1075kW
 WEIGHTS
    Take-off weight30844-31750 kg68000 - 69997 lb
    Empty weight16738 kg36901 lb
 DIMENSIONS
    Wingspan31.1 m102 ft 0 in
    Length21.2 m69 ft 7 in
    Height6.1 m20 ft 0 in
    Wing area120.5 m21297.05 sq ft
 PERFORMANCE
    Max. speed462 km/h287 mph
    Cruise speed390 km/h242 mph
    Ceiling7470 m24500 ft
    Range w/max.fuel3600 km2237 miles
    Range w/max.payload1800 km1118 miles
 ARMAMENT8 x 7.7mm machine-guns, 6340kg of bombs

3-View 
Avro 683 LancasterA three-view drawing (664 x 646)

Comments 
paul scott, psmiddx(@)yahoo.com, 20.08.2009

Although an outstanding aircraft, again, the Air ministry sent too many men to their deaths, with the 'pea-shooter' armament, the .303 on all turrets and the same for the other bombers. Inadequately armed, what's the point? No underbelly turret either apart from the BMK2 which was dropped in any case for being 'too heavy'. Sure, all these refinements would probably mean lesser bombload or range, but if you're putting hitting power in fighters with 20mm cannon to fire at enemy fighters, then what gain with a bomber with rifle-calibre ammo when it has to defend itself from fighters? Senseless. The learned too late and far with the soon-to-be obsolete Lincoln. An wonderful aircraft nonetheless.

Leo Rudnicki, leo_rudnicki(@)hotmail.com, 20.06.2009

Lancs carried a De Havilland 3 bladed prop (no. 5140) Hydramatic or on Packards, a Nash-Kelvinator, both 12 feet in diameter

David Croft, dmcroft320(@)aol.com, 19.06.2009

Have had a 3 bladed propellor dragged up from the seabed...radius from a tip to the centre line is 6' (72"), diam 12'. Originall the best contender was a 253 Sqn Hurricane which came down off Spurn Head but the prop diameter rules out this identification. Among several a/c types that crashed in WW II near Spurn Point the Lancaster ids a contender, hence my needing to know the propellor diameter. Anyone able to help?

Gerd Henken, g.henken(@)ewetel.net, 08.06.2009

Hello. I come from Germany and we found in the moorland a RR " Merlin" engine of a Lancaster bomber. Unfortunately the engine was so far destroyed with the salvage work, which it, although it is still very well received, cannot be restored. We want to issue the engine. My question: does someone have copies of the structural drawings of the bomber or the engine? We would issue these gladly also. Thank you in advance. (You excuse my bad English. But it already is over 20 years ago, which were I at school)

steve bell, campanell(@)btinternet.com, 04.06.2009

Can anyone tell me what the take off speed of the Lancaster Bomber? Thanks Steve

Jock Williams, williamsB25(@)aol.com, 19.04.2009

I was lucky enough to fly the Lancaster for several years with the Canadian Warplane Heritage in Hamilton Ontario Canada -a superb flying museum.
My father, an RCAF flight surgeon in WW2 had flown the "Lanc" and I only wish he had lived long enough for us to "compare notes".
While we flew our Lanc with no bombload and pretty much minimum fuel -it was obvious that in its day it must have been quite a performer.
From engine start to takeoff to landing to taxi-in you had to be on your toes -but the plane had no vices whatsoever and the roar of those four Merlins was absolute heaven!
At our low weights the action in the event of an engine failure was to reduce power on the matching engine on the opposite side and turn it into a "twin" -and in the event of a failure of one on takeoff all that was required was to keep the ball in the centre, trim -and then carry out the drill at a leisurely rate. No panic! I am sure it was quite different at night with a full bombload!
I will never be prouder of anything than of having flown the Lanc! It puts you in awfully distinguished company!

Jock Williams Yogi 13

leo rudnicki, leo_rudnicki(@)hotmail.com, 19.04.2009

Also, it is strange that Lancasters got Hercules fitted against a shortage of Merlins and Beaufighters got Merlins against a shortage of Hercules. I still prefer the Mossie even tho' it only carried 4,ooo pounds, a cookie.

leo rudnicki, leo_rudnicki(@)hotmail.com, 19.04.2009

One of two flying examples, the Mynarski Lancaster' is based at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum at Mount Hope Airport, near Hamilton. And it did have an amazing war record, but it also was destroyed en masse during raids on Nuremburg and the Berlin campaign. The Monica RWR and H2S radar acted as homing devices drawing German night fighters even when their radars were spoofed. The bottom half had no defence or visibility. the proposed ventral gun position only used a periscope and was almost never installed. It's place was taken by the H2S ground-mapping radar which drew fighters equipped with Schrage Musik cannons firing almost vertically up into the belly-Bombbay-fuel tanks, usually causing a big blast, with only rare survivers. Since nobody survived, nobody reported how they were decimated. What a deadly game!

Rui Martins, ruimanelmartins(@)hotmail.com, 29.02.2008

The Avro Lancaster is my favourite bomber. I prefer this bomber to B-2!

niall mcl, niallmcl(@)yahoo.com, 09.11.2007

The Lancaster represented the greatest addition to combat during WWII. This and the spitfire accounted for the considerable advantage the British had during the war. Let it not be understated that these aircraft were made great because of the Rolls Royce engine that made both of these aircraft AND the P-51D Mustang the outstanding aircraft we all remember today.

chris roberts, bancyfelin(@)btinternet.com, 12.09.2007

great aircraft

chris roberts, bancyfelin(@)btinternet.com, 12.09.2007

great aircraft

Peter Snaith, peter.snaith(@)tesco.net, 21.08.2007

My father ended WW2 with 625 SQN @ Kelstern Lincs.He was ground crew SGT.Technical Instructor.He used to check fluids,leaking from his Lancs,by taste.He failed to identify one fluid,only to be told by the Skipper,on board,that he had just piddled over the main spar!!

Dave Ford, d4rd(@)paradise.net.nz, 11.01.2007

During my RAF days at Bomber Command HQ, High Wycombe (1953/55) I represented 3 Group at badminton; playing RAF Scampton at Scampton,we had to push a Lanc away from the court where its wing overshadowed the court. I would like to know the diameter of its undercarraige.

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